| Santa Monica Mountains | |
| Range | |
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Malibu Canyon in the Santa Monica Mountains
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| Country | United States |
|---|---|
| State | California |
| Counties | Los Angeles, Ventura |
| Part of | Transverse Ranges |
| Borders on | Santa Susana Mountains, Simi Hills, Verdugo Mountains |
| Coordinates | |
| Highest point | Sandstone Peak |
| - elevation | 3,111 ft (948 m) |
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The Santa Monica Mountains are a Transverse Range in Southern California, along the coast of the Pacific Ocean in the United States.[1]
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The range extends approximately 40 mi (64 km) east-west from the Hollywood Hills in Los Angeles to Point Mugu in Ventura County. The southern mountains form a barrier between the San Fernando Valley and the Los Angeles Basin, separating "the Valley" on the north and west-central Los Angeles on the south; and the northern mountains separate the Conejo Valley from Malibu. The Santa Monica Mountains are parallel to Santa Susana Mountains, which are located directly north of the mountains across the San Fernando Valley.
The southwestern branch of the headwaters of the Los Angeles River are in the Santa Monica Mountains. Beginning at the western end of the San Fernando Valley the river runs to the north of the mountains. After passing between the range and the Verdugo Mountains it flows south around Elysian Park defining the easternmost extent of the mountains.
Geologists consider the northern Channel Islands to be a westward extension of the Santa Monicas into the Pacific Ocean. The range was created by repeated episodes of uplifting and submergence by the Raymond Fault that created complex layers of sedimentary rock. Volcanic instrusions have been exposed, including the poorly named "Sandstone Peak", the highest in the range at 948 meters (3,111 ft.). Malibu Creek, which eroded its own channel while the mountains were slowly uplifted, bisects the mountain range.
The Santa Monica Mountains have dry, warm to humid summers and wet, mild to cool winters. In the summer, the climate is quite dry, which makes the range prone to wildfires. Snow is unusual in the Santa Monica Mountains, since they are not as high as the nearby San Gabriel Mountains.
On January 17, 2007, an unusually cold storm brought snow in the Santa Monica Mountains. Malibu picked up three inches (eight centimeters) of snow - the first measurable snow in five decades (50 years). Snow was reported on Boney Peak, in the winter of 2005; and in March 2006, snow also fell on the summit of the mountain. Snow also fell on the peak of Boney Mountain in late December 2008.
The Santa Monica Mountains have more than 1,000 archeology sites of significance, primarily from the Californian Native American cultures of the Tongva and Chumash people. The mountains were part of their regional homelands for over eight thousand years before the arrival of Spanish colonizers.[2]
Much of the mountains are located within the Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area. Preservation of lands within the region are managed by the Santa Monica Mountains Conservancy, the National Park Service, the California State Parks, and County and Municipal agencies. Today, the Santa Monica Mountains face pressure from local populations as a desirable residential area, and in the parks as a recreational retreat and wild place that's increasingly rare in urban Los Angeles.
Over twenty individual state and municipal parks are in the Santa Monica Mountains, including: Topanga State Park, Leo Carrillo State Park, Malibu Creek State Park, Point Mugu State Park, Will Rogers State Historic Park, Point Dume State Beach, Griffith Park, Marvin Braude Mulholland Gateway Park, Charmlee Wilderness Park, Franklin Canyon Park, Runyon Canyon Park, King Gillette Ranch Park, and Paramount Ranch Park.
At the eastern end of the Santa Monica Mountains are Griffith Park and lastly Elysian Park. Griffith Park is separated from the rest of the Santa Monica Mountains to the west by the Cahuenga Pass, over which the 101 Freeway passes from the San Fernando Valley into Hollywood. Elysian Park is in the easternmost part of the mountains and is bordered by the Los Angeles River to the east and Downtown Los Angeles nearby to the south.
The range is host to an immense variety of wildlife, from mountain lions to the endangered steelhead. The Mountain lion population within the Santa Monica Mountains (which includes the Simi Hills & Santa Susana Pass) is severely depleted with only 7 known living adult individuals. The primary cause of the decline is due to a combination of traffic related mortality (3 from the area were killed within a matter of months,) anti-coagulants ingested from human poisoned prey (2 individuals within the Simi Hills) and attacks by other, more dominant mountain lions (an elder male, known as P1, killed both his son and his mate, this is thought to be due to a reduction in available habitat.) Snakes are common but only occasionally seen- the Southern Pacific Rattlesnake (the only venomous species), Mountain Kingsnake, California Kingsnake, Gopher snake, and Garter snake. The mountains are also home to the Western fence lizard.
The Santa Monica Mountains are in the California chaparral and woodlands Ecoregion, and includes the California oak woodland and Southern coastal sage scrub plant community, and are covered by hundreds of local plant species, some of which are very rare or endemic, and others which are widespread and have become popular horticultural ornamentals. The California Black Walnut (Juglans californica), endemic to California, grows on the northern side of the mountains in the Valley and Griffith Park.
Many invasive weeds have colonized the mountain habitats, such as annual Mediterranean grasses, Spanish Broom (Genista juncea), and Yellow Starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis). In creekside riparian habitats are found plants such as Giant Cane (Arundo donax), German Ivy (Delairea odorata), Blue Periwinkle (Vinca major), and Ivy (Hedera spp.).
The New Zealand mud snail has infested watersheds in the Santa Monica Mountains, posing serious threats to native species and complicating efforts to improve stream-water quality for the endangered steelhead trout. Within a period of four years, the snails have expanded from their first known population in Medea Creek in Agoura Hills to nearly 30 other stream sites. Researchers at the Santa Monica Bay Restoration Commission believe that the snails' expansion may have been expedited after the mollusks traveled from stream to stream on the gear of contractors and volunteers.[3]
Cahuenga Pass, present-day site of U.S. Route 101, is the easiest pass through the range connecting the Los Angeles Basin to the San Fernando Valley. In the 1800s, two battles were fought there, and the Treaty of Cahuenga was signed nearby. In the heyday of Hollywood movie studios clustered on both sides of it. Sepulveda Pass is the main north-south pass to the west, connecting the Westside to Sherman Oaks via the San Diego Freeway (I-405). Further west are Topanga Canyon Boulevard (SR 27), Laurel Canyon Boulevard, Malibu Canyon Road, and Kanan Dume Road. Mulholland Drive runs much of the length of the Santa Monica Mountains, from Cahuenga Pass to Woodland Hills while the Mulholland Highway runs from Woodland Hills to Sequit Point at the Pacific Ocean. The eastern end of the range, located in the City of Los Angeles, is more intensively developed than the western end of the range. The city of Malibu runs between the coast and the leading mountain ridge, from Topanga Canyon in the east to Leo Carrillo State Park in the west. The term Malibu Ozarks is sometimes used derogatorily (or ironically) for the unincorporated part of Malibu beyond the leading mountain ridge and lacking an ocean view; the term is often used synonymously with "818 Malibu" (referring to the less desirable San Fernando Valley telephone area code prefix).
Communities along the north slope of the mountains include (from east to west):
Communities along the south slope of the mountains include (from east to west):
The Rim of the Valley Trail is a plan in progress for accessing and connecting the parkland and recreational areas of the mountains surrounding the Conejo, San Fernando, Simi, and Crescenta Valleys. With trailheads in the mountains and valleys, it would link them via existing and new: walking, hiking, equestrian, and mountain biking trails; parklands; and conservation easements. The Rim of the Valley project also has the goal to protect flora-fauna habitats and wildlife corridors between the Santa Monica Mountains and the inland ranges.[4][5][6]
| Peak | Height | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|
| US | SI | ||
| Sandstone Peak[7] | 3111 ft | 948 m | also known as Mount Allen, rising nearly a kilometer high |
| Tri-Peaks | 3010 ft | 917 m | |
| Exchange Peak | 2950 ft | 899 m | |
| Boney Peak[8] | 2825 ft | 861 m | |
| Castro Peak[9] | 2824 ft | 861 m | highest peak in the eastern end of the range |
| Saddle Peak[10] | 2805 ft | 855 m | |
| Calabasas Peak[11] | 2165 ft | 660 m | |
| Temescal Peak | 2126 ft | 648 m | |
| San Vicente Mountain[12] | 1965 ft | 599 m | former site of a Nike missile base, now a Cold War park |
| Clarks Peak[13] | 1965 ft | 599 m | |
| Mesa Peak[14] | 1844 ft | 562 m | |
| Cahuenga Peak[15] | 1820 ft | 555 m | |
| Brents Mountain[16] | 1713 ft | 522 m | |
| Mount Lee[17] | 1640 ft | 500 m | the Hollywood Sign is on the southern slope, at exactly half a kilometer high |
| Mount Hollywood[18] | 1625 ft | 495 m | |
| Mount Chapel | 1622 ft | 494 m | |
| Mount Bell | 1587 ft | 484 m | |
| La Jolla Peak[19] | 1567 ft | 478 m | |
| Laguna Peak[20] | 1457 ft | 444 m | |
| Mugu Peak[21] | 1266 ft | 386 m | the westernmost peak in the range, rising directly from the beach |